At the end of the 1800s, Italy already had a fairly developed network of observation points (meteorological and geodynamic observatories). Especially in the last quarter of the century, the instrumental observation of earthquakes experienced remarkable development thanks to local scholars, often operating privately within structures that originated as astronomical observatories, and to scholars belonging to religious orders traditionally engaged in the study of natural phenomena, including the Barnabites, Jesuits, and Piarists.
The Roman geophysicist Michele Stefano De Rossi (1834-1898) deserves credit for organizing this dense network of observatories and public and private correspondents from whom he gathered observations sometimes conducted with rudimentary instruments: initially with simple seismoscopes, and later with increasingly sophisticated instruments. The results of these observations were regularly published for two decades in the Bullettino del Vulcanismo italiano (BVI), founded, edited, and funded by De Rossi since 1871.
Following the disastrous earthquakes of Casamicciola (Ischia island) in 1881 and 1883 and in Liguria in 1887, the Italian government decided to promote and financially support the National Seismic Service by creating a network of seismic observatories. Michele Stefano De Rossi himself, in 1891, took over the direction of the Royal Geodynamic Observatory of Rocca di Papa, established as a "first-order" observatory along with those of Casamicciola and Catania.
From 1876, the new National Seismic Service was located at the Central Meteorological Office (UCM, later UCMG - Central Meteorological and Geodynamic Office) in Rome. The main activity carried out in the following years by this Office was to develop the network of observatories, not only of "first order" but also of "second and third order," primarily by establishing agreements with private structures to which the necessary instrumentation and technical assistance were provided. And starting from 1895, with the establishment of the Italian Seismological Society (SSI), the first volume of the Bulletin (BSSI) was published, containing a section dedicated to descriptive and instrumental information on earthquakes detected during the year both within and outside the Italian territory.
A dramatic sequence of destructive earthquakes affected Italy, from south to north, in the first two decades of the 1900s, providing further motivation for Italian seismologists from public and private entities and highlighting a crucial aspect for modern seismology: the problem of synchronizing recordings made at individual observatories. The Italian seismic network at that time had 36 observatories (Agamennone, 1909), most of which had seismographs with recordings on smoked paper. Of the 59 instruments officially operating in these observatories, nearly a quarter had a Vicentini microseismograph (horizontal and/or vertical), and just over a quarter had an Agamennone seismograph. Of the 36 functioning observatories, only 17 were able to rigorously determine time using astronomical methods, while the other 19 measured it with sundials, sextants, telegraphs, etc.
From an instrumental standpoint, the situation of the Italian seismic network unfortunately did not change much until the post-World War II period. The lack of generational renewal in the institutional seismic service (UCMG) and the influence and long tenure of the geologist and seismologist Giovanni Agamennone (1858-1949) caused a slowdown in instrumental development. As director, Agamennone opposed the introduction in Italy of numerous and significant innovations related to seismic instruments designed abroad (e.g., Wiechert, Wood-Anderson, Mainka, Milne, Galitzin), strongly conditioning their development.
In 1936, geophysical competencies and all services operated by the Central Meteorological and Geodynamic Office (UCMG) were transferred to the newly established National Institute of Geophysics (ING, INGV since 1999), founded that year within the CNR. In 1939, the Royal Geodynamic Observatory of Rocca di Papa also became part of the new ING Seismic Network.
In 1937, the establishment of the ING and the home built scientific instruments began. Immediately after World War II, besides establishing the Central Seismic Station at the University City of Rome, the ING installed a new seismic network equipped with a set of small-mass Wiechert seismographs (200 kg for the horizontal and 80 kg for the vertical) built in its own laboratories; later, horizontal Galitzin-Wilip seismographs and Ishimoto seismographs were also produced and installed
(Story Map).
The first bulletin compiled by the ING, containing information on local, regional, and teleseismic earthquakes recorded that year by the station installed in Rome (Experimental Observatory) at the University City, dates back to 1946.
From 1949, the bulletin compiled by the ING included, in addition to readings of recordings made at the central headquarters in Rome, data recorded by the 8 peripheral stations of the Seismic Network managed by the ING: Bologna, Catania, Firenze, Messina, Padova, Salò, Pavia e Taranto, all equipped with Wiechert seismometers of 200 and 80 kg.
In subsequent years, the number of peripheral stations gradually increased, reaching in 1954 twenty-four observation points divided between base Observatories and Stations (FIGURE NETWORK 24 stations). The Observatories, which were structures owned by the ING, not only recorded and processed seismic events but were also used for research activities, while the Stations only recorded events and generally were installed in rooms provided by universities and public or private entities.
All observatories were manned and seismogram readings were made on-site or sent to the central headquarter in Rome for the compilation of definitive bulletins, with all the difficulties due to sometimes considerable delays related to postal shipment and fragmented information; only the provisional bulletin was compiled with data from the Rome station.
A significant improvement occurred starting in 1970, the year in which the Rome University station was replaced by the Central Observatory of Monte Porzio Catone, where both provisional and definitive bulletins were compiled from that moment on.
The situation described lasted until 1980, when, following the earthquakes in Friuli in 1976, in Valnerina in 1979, and in Irpinia in 1980 (Story Map), Commissioner Giuseppe Zamberletti (1933-2019), appointed by the Italian government to coordinate relief efforts, gave a decisive boost to the creation of a Centralized National Seismic Network (RSNC), managed by the ING.
Thus, in 1980, the National Seismic Network of ING was born, centralized at the Observatory of Monte Porzio Catone and initially consisting of only 6 telemetered stations - L’Aquila (AQU), Castello Tesino (CTI), Duronia (DUI), Montasola (MNS), Monte Porzio Catone (RMP), Salò (SAL) - out of a total of about 40 stations; some of these were owned by the ING, while others were managed by various organizations and public and/or private entities (Universities, Observatories, Foundations, Museums, etc.).
Starting in 1982, the seismic stations were telemetered to the new ING headquarter, which in the meantime had been moved to Rome, on Via Ruggero Bonghi, where the Seismic Surveillance Service was established. At the same time, an instrumental modernization was implemented, replacing the mechanical Wiechert seismographs with short-period vertical electromechanical instruments (Geotech S-13).
Between the end of 1985 and the beginning of 1986, the ING headquarters was again moved, to Via di Villa Ricotti; the signals detected by the sensors, installed in about 80 stations distributed throughout the national territory, were transmitted to the new seismic room on Via di Villa Ricotti and recorded on thermal paper using drum recorders.
Starting in 1985, thermal paper recordings were supplemented by the digitization of seismic signals, which could therefore be processed using dedicated hardware and software tools. The result of the technological evolution that took place over the years, in terms of the instrumentation of the National Seismic Network, the number of monitoring sites, and the transition from analog to digital data, is evident and traceable in the seismic bulletins produced by the ING since the 1980s.
Since 1985, the quality of the data published in the seismic bulletin has benefited from significant technological improvements made to the stations of the national seismic network, the transmission of signals, their acquisition and processing.
Below are the most significant periods of change in chronological order:
The seismic signals were recorded from the analog network and transmitted at the ING headquarter in Via di Villa Ricotti, in Rome, and then digitized. In the first months of 1987, the data acquisition and analysis system of the RSNC, born out of cooperation between ING and the USGS and experimentally operational since 1984, became fully operational. This system, named Ingnet, consisted of several modules called sequentially to analyze the acquired signals and identify probable arrivals of seismic phases that, associated with each other, produced automatic locations. These were then manually reprocessed by the staff on seismic surveillance duty and later by analysts for the production of the seismic bulletin.
The magnitude assigned to the event was the Md calculated using the Console-Di Sanza relation [Console et al., 1988] while from the mid-1990s onwards, the ML was calculated for the stronger events using recordings from the MedNet broadband seismic network. The annual archive also included data from other organizations, both Italian and foreign, sent to the ING, on an exchange basis, by the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Denver (USA).
The Bulletin of the ING, including hypocentral parameters and information on the seismic phases of the earthquakes recorded by the RSN, was published in paper format until 1989. Subsequently, from 1990 to 1994 (at the beginning of 1993, the ING headquarter had been definitively moved to Via di Vigna Murata in Rome), the Bulletin publications consisted of a list of earthquakes with the main hypocentral parameters and were accompanied by floppy disks containing the seismic phases information .
1994 was the last year of publication and distribution of a paper Italian seismic bulletin, although data analysis activity continued regularly. Nowadays, hypocentral parameters data of the events processed by the BSI analysts during 1985-2002 are available on the terremoti.ingv.it website.
In these years, the conversion into digital of the National Seismic Network (RSN), which was completely analog at the time, began. A number of seismic stations were gradually equipped with a converter capable of transforming analog signals into digital signals directly on site, before being transmitted to the Ingnet system at the central headquarter in Rome. At the same time, a significant instrumental and technological upgrade was carried out with the replacement of the old Geotech S-13 uniaxial passive sensors with more modern triaxial broadband and very broadband sensors (Trillium 40s and Streckeisen STS-1 and STS-2 of the MedNet network) and the diversification of data transmission types (satellite or dedicated telephone lines). Additionally, in many RSN stations, an accelerometer and a geodetic GPS were co-located with the velocimeter sensor. The number of RSN stations increased from about 100 to more than 200 during these years, also thanks to the contribution of the MedNet network stations that were integrated in real-time into the acquisition system, as well as some stations managed in Italy and abroad by other institutions, with which the INGV had agreements.
The routine distribution of the Seismic Bulletin finally resumed in 2002 with a dedicated web page; the hypocentral parameters published from 2002 until April 15, 2005, were obtained through the IPO localization program [Basili et al., 1984]. For the same period, bulletin data were also distributed in the GSE format (Group of Scientific Experts format).
All the bulletin data of 2002-2005 period are available at terremoti.ingv.it
In this period, there was significant growth of the RSN, which in 3-4 years increased to more than 300 permanent and multiparametric stations with digital technology, partly converted from the old analog stations. The advent of new data transmission technologies allowed for the implementation of the installed instrumentation: the new multiparametric stations were capable of recording not only ground movement velocity but also ground acceleration and displacements due to slow deformations, the latter through very high-resolution geodetic GPS.
The signals from these stations were acquired and analyzed in real-time using a processing system designed and developed at the INGV, called BackNet-Tellus [Amato et al., 2006]. This system remained operational until April 2012. Transmission was carried out via dedicated digital, analog, satellite, and Internet lines; such a redundant system minimized the risk of informational blackouts.
A graphical interface, Sismap, also developed at the INGV [Doumaz, 2006], allowed for real-time map visualization of automatic hypocentral locations and those subsequently reviewed by the staff on duty in the seismic surveillance room in Rome. The same code was also used offline to produce the INGV seismic bulletin.
Starting from April 16, 2005, the new Italian Seismic Bulletin (BSI) was inaugurated, exploiting the full potential of the new network and having at its disposal new interactive software tools for data analysis [Doumaz, 2006; Mele et al, 2010]. Additionally, there was a daily commitment of about fifteen analyst interpreters with extensive experience in seismic signal analysis, whose constant work proved indispensable especially during significant seismic sequences, when the automatic analysis requires expert review.
The bulletin data for this period are available at terremoti.ingv.it
During this period, the INGV has further implemented the number of agreements and collaborations with Universities and other Research Entities that manage national, regional, and local networks in Italy and abroad (France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Tunisia). In particular, agreements have been signed for data exchange with the Experimental Geophysical Observatory of Trieste (OGS), the Seismological Research Center of Udine (CRS), the Universities of Trieste, Genova, Napoli, Cosenza, and Basilicata, with the Department of Civil Protection for the Accelerometric Network RAN, and with other institutions for the acquisition of seismic data, thus densifying the National Seismic Network at minimal costs. This growth has given rise to the Integrated National Seismic Network (RSNI), which, thanks also to the contribution of data from foreign stations installed in neighboring regions, and to various research projects and experiments, now counts more than 700 stations in real-time. Among the experiments, it is worth mentioning the seismic network created for the Alto Tiberina Near Fault Observatory (TABOO) Project.
At the beginning of May 2012, a new system for the analysis, archiving, and distribution of seismic data called AIDA [Mazza et al., 2012] was implemented. It remains the primary tool for seismic surveillance in Italy. AIDA is based on three main components: the SeedLink and ArcLink protocols and software for transferring signals from stations to the data processing center of the National Earthquake Observatory (ONT) and for their archiving; the Earthworm software [Johnson et al., 1995], which has become a standard for automatic detection and real-time localization of seismicity on a regional scale [Castellano et al., 2012]; and the multiple database system SeisNet, SeisEv e MoleDB [Quintiliani e Pintore, 2013], developed at ONT for the archiving of parametric data.
Manual analysis and interpretation of seismograms are performed using the SisPick! program
[Bono, 2008], a software capable of reading and displaying the digital traces recorded by the Earthworm system and, with a series of specific tools, performing manual picking and re-localization of events with the calculation of the associated magnitude.
Thanks to this new acquisition system, the number of localized earthquakes in recent years by the staff on duty in the seismic surveillance room in Rome has increased to several tens of thousands per year.
These earthquakes are subsequently reviewed by BSI analysts who check the parameters of all data processed in the Seismic Surveillance Room. They input weights and polarities of seismic wave arrivals and review signal amplitudes. Phase readings from stations not used in real-time analysis are added, thereby integrating the dataset with all available data in the acquisition system. Hypocentral solutions and magnitudes revised by BSI replace those produced by the on-duty personnel in the database.
In October 2014, it was decided to limit the review by BSI analysts only to events with M ≥ 1.5; with this new approach, earthquakes have been reviewed since January 2015. From January 2015, analysts began to process events with M ≥ 3.5 within 72 hours following the earthquake [Nardi et el., 2015].
For smaller events, the localizations from the Seismic Surveillance Room in Rome remain available. The decision to reduce the number of events to be reviewed was driven by the need to shorten the drafting and publication times of the Bulletin, which significantly extend during important seismic sequences.
Despite these choices, the number of events with M ≥ 1.5 analyzed by BSI usually exceeds 9,000 events per year, due to the significant increase in the number of seismic stations used for monitoring.
Since 2015, the Italian Seismic Bulletin has been published on a four-monthly basis and is available for download. The four-monthly issues of the BSI are described in a brief technical document, which contains a map of the seismicity of the quarter, a brief description of the methods used to produce the bulletin, and the list of personnel involved in data analysis. A summary statistical analysis of the data and related histograms are also reported: how many events were recorded in the quarter, their magnitudes, and how many stations contributed to the localizations. Additionally, to provide an assessment of the efficiency of individual stations, a map of the RSNI with the number of phases recorded by each station in relation to those it should have recorded is presented. For the strongest events, source mechanisms calculated using the Time Domain Moment Tensor technique [Scognamiglio et al., 2006] and with the polarities of the first arrivals [Ciaccio et al., 2021] are reported.
The bulletin data is currently published in QuakeML format and includes localizations with error estimates, amplitudes and associated magnitudes, phase readings, and Time Domain Moment Tensor (TDMT) if available terremoti.ingv.it/tdmt.
Additionally, some web services have been developed to facilitate the reading of QuakeML and make the bulletin accessible to the national and international scientific community (terremoti.ingv.it/webservices_and_software). Through these services, phase pickings and amplitudes in the QuakeML converge into the database of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and contribute to the global seismicity bulletin (www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin).
All BSI data from 2012 to the present are available at terremoti.ingv.it
Since 2008, the dissemination of data produced by the Italian Seismic Bulletin analysts has been accompanied by an annual publication in the INGV editorial series "Quaderni di Geofisica". This contribution contains insights related to the instrumental seismicity analyzed: the evolution of the RSNI, a general description of the seismicity relative to the examined year, analysis of observed seismic sequences, anthropogenic seismicity, and analysis of the quality of hypocentral localizations produced.
Working Group 1985: S. Baccheschi, A. Di Sanza, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, C. Saracino
Working Group 1986: S. Baccheschi, A. Di Sanza, R. Galgano, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro
Working Group 1987: S. Baccheschi, A. Di Sanza, L. Giovani, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, C. Saracino
Working Group 1988: S. Baccheschi, A. Di Sanza, L. Giovani, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, C. Saracino
Working Group 1989: S. Baccheschi, A. Di Sanza, L. Giovani, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, C. Saracino
Working Group 1990: S. Baccheschi, S. Barba, L. Cucci, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1991: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, S. Barba, L. Cucci, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1992: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, S. Barba, L. Cucci, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1993: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, S. Barba, L. Cucci, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1994: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, S. Barba, L. Cucci, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1995: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1996: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1997: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1998: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 1999: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 2000: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 2001: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, L. Piccolini, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, R. Tardini
Working Group 2002: S. Baccheschi, P. Battelli, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, F. Criscuoli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi, R. Tardini
Working Group 2003: P. Battelli, M. Berardi, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, F. Criscuoli, L. Giovani, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2004: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, F. Criscuoli, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2005: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, F. Criscuoli, G. Lozzi, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, F. Pirro, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2006: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, F. Criscuoli, G. Lozzi, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2007: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, F. Criscuoli, G. Lozzi, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2008: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, A. Carosi, C. Castellano, F. Criscuoli, G. Lozzi, A. Marchetti, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2009: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, A. Chesi, G. Lozzi, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, V. Pirro, A. Rossi
Working Group 2010: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, G. Lozzi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni
Working Group 2011: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, G. Lozzi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, G. Modica, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni
Working Group 2012: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, G. Lozzi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, C. Melorio, G. Modica, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni
Working Group 2013: L. Arcoraci, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, G. Lozzi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, C. Melorio, G. Modica, A. Nardi, M. Pirro, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni
Working Group 2014: L. Arcoraci, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, B. Castello, M.G. Ciaccio, G. Lozzi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, C. Melorio, G. Modica, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pirro, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni, C. Thermes
Working Group 2015: L. Arcoraci, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, B. Castello, M.G. Ciaccio, A. Frepoli, A. Lisi, G. Lozzi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F.M. Mele, C. Melorio, G. Modica, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni, C. Thermes, M. Vallocchia
Working Group 2016: L. Arcoraci, P. Baccheschi, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, B. Castello, M.G. Ciaccio, A. Frepoli, A. Lisi, G. Lozzi, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F.M. Mele, C. Melorio, G. Modica, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni, C. Thermes, M. Vallocchia
Working Group 2017: L. Arcoraci, P. Baccheschi, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, C. Castellano, B. Castello, M.G. Ciaccio, A. Frepoli, A. Lisi, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, F.M. Mele, C. Melorio, G. Modica, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, S. Spadoni, C. Thermes, M. Vallocchia
Working Group 2018: L. Arcoraci, P. Baccheschi, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi,B. Cantucci, C. Castellano, B. Castello, D. Cheloni, M.G. Ciaccio, G. D’Addezio, R. Di Maro, A. Frepoli, S. Gori, A. Lisi, A.M. Lombardi, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, M.T. Mariucci, F.M. Mele, C. Melorio, V. Misiti, G. Modica, S. Monna, C. Montuori, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, S. Pinzi, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, A. Sciarra, T. Sgroi, A. Smedile, S. Spadoni, R. Tardini, C. Thermes, F. Villani
Working Group 2019: L. Arcoraci, P. Baccheschi, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, B. Cantucci, C. Castellano, B. Castello, D. Cheloni, M.G. Ciaccio, R. Di Maro, A. Lisi, A.M. Lombardi, A. Marchetti, L. Margheriti, M.T. Mariucci, C. Melorio, G. Modica, S. Monna, C. Montuori, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, S. Pinzi, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, A. Sciarra, T. Sgroi, A. Smedile, S. Spadoni, R. Tardini, C. Thermes, R. Tozzi
Working Group 2020: L. Arcoraci, P. Baccheschi, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, B. Cantucci, C. Castellano, B. Castello, D. Cheloni, M.G. Ciaccio, L. Colini, R. Di Maro, A. Lisi, A.M. Lombardi, A. Marchetti, M.T. Mariucci, C. Melorio, L. Miconi, G. Modica, S. Monna, C. Montuori, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, S. Pinzi, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, A. Sciarra, T. Sgroi, A. Smedile, S. Spadoni, R. Tardini, C. Thermes, R. Tozzi
Working Group 2021: L. Arcoraci, P. Baccheschi, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, B. Cantucci, C. Castellano, B. Castello, D. Cheloni, M.G. Ciaccio, L. Colini, M. De Caro, A. Frepoli, A. Lisi, A.M. Lombardi, A. Marchetti, M.T. Mariucci, C. Melorio, L. Miconi, V. Misiti, G. Modica, S. Monna, C. Montuori, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pastori, S. Pinzi, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, A. Sciarra, T. Sgroi, A. Smedile, S. Spadoni, R. Tardini, C. Thermes, R. Tozzi
Working Group 2022: L. Arcoraci, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, B. Cantucci, C. Castellano, B. Castello, D. Cheloni, L. Colini, M. De Caro, A. Frepoli, A. Lisi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, M.T. Mariucci, G. Mele, C. Melorio, L. Miconi, V. Misiti, G. Modica, S. Monna, C. Montuori, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pastori, S. Pinzi, M. Pirro, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, A. Sciarra, T. Sgroi, A. Smedile, S. Spadoni, R. Tardini, C. Thermes
Working Group 2023: L. Arcoraci, A. Battelli, P. Battelli, M. Berardi, B. Cantucci, C. Castellano, B. Castello, D. Cheloni, L. Colini, M. De Caro, A. Frepoli, A. Lisi, A.M. Lombardi, A. Malagnini, A. Marchetti, M.T. Mariucci, G. Mele, C. Melorio, L. Miconi, V. Misiti, G. Modica, C. Montuori, A. Nardi, N.M. Pagliuca, M. Pastori, S. Pinzi, L. Pizzino, A. Rossi, A. Sciarra, T. Sgroi, S. Spadoni, R. Tardini, C. Thermes